NEW LISTINGS
HOE MONIES
IRON MONIES
CONGO COPPER
WEAPON MONIES
TRADE BEADS
MISCELLANEOUS
ANTIQUITIES & CRAFTS
REFERENCES: Numerous books are cited here, which you will find described and usually offered for sale on my Numismatic References: Ethnographic page. By far the most important reference is The Perfect Form: On the Track of African Tribal Currency by Roberto Ballarini, 2009. I am gradually adding B references to the listings below, so use it as a wish-list and search this page with B catalog numbers. Opitz's An Ethnographic Study of Traditional Money has photos and capsule descriptions of most items you will encounter, but lacks the depth many collectors wish for. Ballarini's earlier Traditional Arms has deeper coverage of Congo spear and knife monies, as do several specialized works. Akhan weights, not present in Perfect Form are catalogued in a number of hard-fo-find works, and bracelet (ring) monies are covered in much greater depth in Wilfried Glar's works. Very useful for Nigerian items are Eyo (impossible to find now) and Johansson. PS refers to articles in Der Primitivgeldsammler, journal of EUCOPRIMO and D refers to pricelists of Paul Dillingham, long-time dealer in Ethnographic monies. My standard answer to "How old is it?" is: "probably 1850-1950." If you want a better answer, you will have to do your own research. Scholarly works such as Quiggin, Guyer, Kriger, Herbert, and Rivallain (all women!) are good starts.
http://www.africanartgallery.it/it/monete LINKS: John Henry collection: Well researched, and extensive; Museum of Making: Excellent public collection; Hamill Gallery: Extensive; some dubious as currency?; Africacurio.com, Roberto Ballarini's Gallery; (Use search engine) Adolfo Bartolomucci's Gallery. African traders offer brass and iron items with clear decorative, religious, agricultural, or other functions as "money" and some of them probably ARE money, but without some scholarly confirmation of exchange use or wealth display, I pass them up or offer as antiquities.
PLACING AN ORDER I charge only the true USPS postal rates, no inflated handling charges. To order (or just inquire), copy and paste the entire line for each item into an email. I will respond with an invoice within a couple of days. No reply? Try THIS. Or click the ORDERING INFO link for more details. In a hurry? Glad to take your phone order: 425-369-1725 8:00 AM to 7:00 PM USA Pacific.
Paleolithic Stone Tools Recently my Sahara contact came up with a few distinctly different stone pieces, much smoother and weathered-looking than the usual late Paleo - early Neolithic. These are from the Acheulean (a-shu-lay-en) tradition, ca. 200,000 - 1.76 million years BP (lower to middle Paleolithic), and were made by Homo Habilis, and possibly the later H. Erectus, H. Heidelbergensis / Ergaster and Neanderthals, all ancestors of Homo Sapiens. The ones from Saharan sites are usually dated to 700,000-250,000 BP. Called paleoliths or hand-axes, they are the first undisputed deliberately-formed tool, and while brain size was increasing over this vast time period, these tools remained nearly the same as these peoples spread from the rift valley in Kenya throughout Africa, and then to the near east and Europe. Their likely primary use was cutting (stone, meat, hides) or crushing (plant fibers), although as the only tool, they may have been throwing weapons as well. Made from flint, chert, or softer rock, archaeologists believe the makers never travelled more than an hour to find raw stone, and did not trade with other family bands. In fact, it may have been the concept and practice of
trade
that most distinguished homo sapiens from ancestral species, and led to the development of more finely crafted and specialized stone tools from this crudely shaped conservative prototype. Another interesting theory is that the oldest, simplest proto-tools (Oldowan, 3.3 million years BP) which showed only minor flaking, could have arisen
genetically
, as birds build nests, and elephants and monkeys use rocks and wood in various ways, while these more completely edged acheulean forms, which are deliberate tools, represent the beginnings of culturally transmitted knowledge. It is even suggested that the making of these axes created improved connections between the parietal and frontal lobes of the brain, directly aiding brain evolution. Finally, the presence of numerous apparently unused specimens at many digs has led to speculation that male suitors made them as a fitness display, a variant of wealth display, often an important function of "primitive" monies. Wikipedia:
Hand axe.
Mumuye Iron Collar Heavy iron collars with varying, flaring elements at ends, from the Mumuye and Chamba of Eastern NIgeria. Ballarini notes rounded, single bar (B2.32), flattened double bars (B2.33), and intertwined bars (B2.34) varieties. I am uncertain about the age of these pieces. 308B) Fighting Antelopes motif on a rounded body, necklace 208mm diameter, 225mm between antler tips. Well-preserved piece $400; 308C) Socket & Arrow motif on rounded body, neckwlace 182mm diameter. Tip of arrows chipped, light rust $325
Ethiopia Bracelet Brass cuff-shaped bracelets with extensive, simple etched ornamentation on outer face. Bracelets are common in west and central Africa, but these are the first I've seen attributed to Ethiopia. Age or money use unknown. Size and weight given in each photo: 450a)
450b)
450c)
450d)
$55 Each
Ethiopia Oromo Collar Brass, ridged collar with simple etched ornamentation. Supplier attributes to Oromo people. A remarkably standardized type, as the three specimens I have seen are very similar size and weight. Collar (necklace) monies are common in the Congo, but this is the only one I know for Ethiopia.
455b) 147mm across, 60mm gap, 40.5 oz., well worn $100; 455c) 140mm across, 70mm gap, 36.6 oz., sharp condition $125
Ancient? Boat Anklet Large anklet in shape of a boat, oval with one pointed end, etched lines design. These came with a group of excavated items from the Jenne area. More modern pieces of similar shape are attributed to the Senufo of Burkina Faso. Two different available, 140-145mm (5.5") long, 17, 21 oz. 48) Each: $95.00
Quiggin Figure 34 Bracelet Partly hollow unbroken circle with plain, steeply bevelled sides falling to bordered snake pattern; wide casting seam interior. Closest item I've found published is Q p.98 "Uganda" though this may not be the same thing. D24 #ADN8. 187A 95-100m, 140-225gm, interiors 2.5 - 2.75" so wearable by some. Each: (Two examples shown) $40; 187B) Without inner snake patterning & larger 105m, 300-425gm $50
Bells Cuff-Bracelet Nigeria, Fulani? Broad, gapped cast cuff with "corn-row" and circles/cosmos designs, and "Fulani bells" attached by loops. Can be bent and reclosed to fit on small to average wrists. Typically 40-60mm high x 50-60mm across. Sample pieces shown. Four bells on front, plus: 224a) Two more on back $23.50; 224b) 3 x Cosmos design on back $18.50
Excavated Togo Bracelet Copper brcelets of unknown age, from Togo rather than Jenne-Jeno where old bracelets of different design are found. Bands 13-17mm wide, with narrow gaps, 70-75mm across, with extenive design: raised bumps, half-Cosmos symbols, etc. Samples shown: I've left these dirty and crusty as found, but a wire brushing and oiling would make them look like museum pieces. 50) Each: Pair of matched bracelets $85, or single: $47.50
Proto-Manillas Nobody knows what inspired the distinctive flared-end torque form introduced by the Portuguese, but one candidate is the crusted, misaligned pieces shown in Johansson Fig. 2, excavated in 1964 at Igbo-Ukwu. Over the years Africa Traders have brought me tens of thousands of bracelet forms, random bits of curled copper, bochie, and trade manillas, usually mixed together. I always look for pieces with flattened ends and/or overlaps. My own speculative theory on the origins of the manilla is this: Calabar rod - the generic term for copper and brass imports - brought overland by the Arabs, and later Europeans, was likely cut to shorter lengths with saws or chisels, the ends pounded flat to remove burrs - producing a "foot" - and bent towards round for easier carrying or concealment. Most such pieces were simply raw material, later made into bracelets, implements, etc. but in some places may have served as barter units. These were seen by European traders, who decided this is what Africans used as money, and imitated the basic form in a refined way. Specimens p and q below were both cast rather than hammerrd from bar of uniform dimensions. Following is a photo gallery of pieces I have handled, the more recent with specs. If a price follows the photo link, it's for sale, if not, it's already gone.
933h $175;
933k $150;
933L $100;
933m $125;
933n $100;
933p $200;
Sombe Penny Grooved iron rod with flattened ends of the Guro, Baule, and Bete peoples, Ivory Coast. Shorter than the familiar Kissi penny, with blunted, asymmetrical top, about 220mm (9") tall; B1.3, Opitz p.92 ("Buji"), Blandin, Fer Noir p.163 (in bundle). 307a) Classic form: bend at top prior to flattening leaves a stub at left: SOLD; 307b) Squared bend: little or no stub on left side $25; 307s) Set of varieties a and b (2 pieces) $47.50; 307c) Small bottoms: Most of the flattened bottom has been removed(?), leaving specimens about 10mm shorter than classic variety. Probably done during their period of use, as no fresh-metal breaks are evident, and tops are undamaged $15.00
Ibo Cult Spears Long, pointed iron shafts with variable iron and copper-wrap elements at top and bottom. Made by Akwa blacksmiths of southern Nigeria for the Ozo, or high priests of the Ibo peoples. Johansson, Nigerian Currencies, supl. p.13 notes that thy are "used by the chiefs of the Nsubi and Edo tribes for payment; extremely rare". (B2.5)
Class-1 c.1400-1700, Geometricals. I have included geometricals here which are clearly later. Pricing: 235a) $30; b) $25; 235c-e $20
Class-2 c.1400-1700, Engraved. Pricing: 236a) $35; 236b) $50
Class-5 c.1400-1700, Notched. Pricing: 237a-c) $20; 237d) $15
Class-7 c.1500-1720, Carved Rectangles. Pricing: 239a-c) $20; 239d-f $15
Class-8 c.1500-1720, Elaborated Carved Rectangles. Commonest of the Early Period classes, these are transitional between the simpler forms of Classes 6 & 7, and the Late Period weights. Pricing: 240a-c) $20; 240d-g) $17.50; 240h-p) $15; 240q-w) $10; 240x-ee $7.50
Class-9 c.1500-1720, Pyramids. Pricing: 243a-b) $17.50; 243c-d) $15
Late Period c.1700-1900, Larger / nicer pieces. Pricing: 244a-f) $20; 244g-q $17.50; 244r-ff) $15
Late Period c.1700-1900, Smaller / more ordinary pieces. Pricing: 245a-vv) $12; (Give second choices if possible!)
Late Period c.1700-1900+, Newer-looking pieces. Pricing: 246a-n) $9; (Give second choices if possible!)
Late Period c.1700-1900+, Engraved pieces. Etched & punched designs rather than cast; less worn, so I assume newer as a group. Pricing: 249a) $25; 249b-e) $15; 249f-p) $9
Ring-mounted c.1700-1900+, 255k) Lost-wax Peanut, ring-mounted: $22.50; 255Ka) Peanut, not mounted, like shown piece but very worn, dark tone $22.50; 255L-p: Geometricals ring-mounted Each: $10
Sawfish A form associated with the Baule, these are modern pieces: 258a) Small, crude, looped as pendant $2 Others shown are NOT AVAILABLE
Human Figural Weights Modern pieces made for collectors, though better quality than some. 50-60mm tall. Pricing: 259a-q, s) $6.50; 259r, t) $4; (NOTE: Only f, g, r, and p remain, others SOLD)
Ashanti Gold-Dust Scale (nsania) Ghana, Ivory Coast
ca.1700-1900, used with figural and geometrical weights to value gold dust, primary money item of
the Akhan (Asante & Baule) peoples. ±45-70mm concave brass pans with 3 holes at edges.
Well-used but intact pieces. Add string & a stick for a simple balance scale. 250) Pair of
"semi-matched" pans: 12.50
Ashanti Gold-Dust Shovel (famfa) Ghana, Ivory Coast
ca.1700-1900, used with figural and geometrical weights to value gold dust, primary money item of
the Akhan (Asante & Baule) peoples. Shovel-pan of distinctive shape to hold the gold for blowing
away dust, an important step before weighing. Brass, sometimes minor design. Length of each piece noted: 252b) 165mm chip in edge $35; 252e) 142mm $45; 252f) 149mm $45; 252g) 150mm $40; 
Twist bochie As Barbot noted, the typical form is that of a single copper bar split along most of its length, then ingeniously twisted together to form a bracelet shape with the bar ends nested in the rounded bracelet ends. The bracelet ends overlap to varying extent. At least one writer believes this form mimics earlier twisted raffia (cloth) bracelets; arguably earlier bracelets from Jenne-Jeno include twist types. These facts and examination of the relative condition of the metals suggest to me that the no-knot types may precede those with knots. They are certainly much less common. Toned copper, usually with green or red patina. Measurement across widest point; Taler shown for size is 40mm. Click on stock number to see specimen.
Twist-&-Knot bochie (Bracelet) As with the previous category, made from a single Calabar rod, spliced and twisted with rounded ends nesting the bar ends, but with a knot at top as well.
Toned copper, usually with green or red patina. Measurement across widest point; Taler shown for size is 40mm. Click on stock number to see specimen. 
Twist-&-Knot bochie, flared ends As the twist & knot bracelets but generally heavier, wider diameter, and the rod ends extended and beaten flat in a leaf pattern with etched designs. Usually punched or etched designs on the knot also. AThe metal is still fairly flexible so asymmetries can be corrected with gentle pressure. Toned copper, usually with green or red patina. Measurement across widest point; Penny shown for size is 19mm. Click on stock number to see specimen. 
Twist-&-Knot Bochie (Collar) Similar to the bracelets and armbands, but open and wearable as a collar. Much more often than the other forms, these are found brown (= cleaned in past, or not buried) and asymmetrical, indicating that they were actually worn. They are easy to bend, so can be re-rounded. Measurement across widest point; Taler shown for size is 40mm. Click on stock number to see specimen. 
Twist & Knot Bochie: Compact Largest of the twist-and-knot bochie. These are found both compact / symmetrical and open / asymmetrical, suggesting that the compact form is for storage, but some pieces are opened out and worn. Toned copper, usually with green or red patina. Measurement across widest point; Taler shown for size is 40mm. Click on stock number to see specimen. 
Calabar Coils (Copper) Probably Nigeria, Cross River region 18-19th Cent.? European "Calabar rod" wire coiled for wearing (or storage?) by the Africans. Darkly patinated copper (not brass). Chart below shows wire gauge (thickness) in mm; outer diameter in mm, and weight in ounces. Taler shown for size is 40mm.
Calabar Coils (Brass) Probably Nigeria, Cross River region 18-19th Cent.? European "Calabar rod" wire coiled for wearing (or storage?) by the Africans. Darkly patinated brass, looks much like copper but does not develop red & green patches. Chart below shows wire gauge (thickness) in mm; outer diameter in mm, and weight in ounces. Taler shown for size is 40mm.
Clabar Coils (Small) Thin gauge (6mm) brass Calabar rod, generally 4 coils, outer width 70-80mm. Missionary and ethnographic money dealer Paul Dillingham advises they were used in French Cameroun in the 1890s; he saw them listed on old invoices of French trading companies. Much more common than coils of wider-gauge wire. NOT WEARABLE SIZE 72) Typical pieces: $18.50; Pair $30
Irregular Coils Calabar rod is generally smooth, rounded, and of even gauge. The rod in these pieces is rough and uneven. This suggests either older Calabar rod, or a product of African smiths. Also, one or both ends are tapered, suggesting either a pinching as the wire was drawn to a desired length, or filing. Chart below shows wire gauge (thickness) in mm. Measurement across widest point; Taler shown for size is 40mm. Click on stock number to see specimen.
Nja / Mondua Hybrids Three interesting pieces which link Nja, Mondua, and Calabar coils. These recreate the bulbous-end Mondua pieces using thinner gauge rod (as Nja) or pre-existing coil units.
Mondua Copper Calabar rod of thick gauge with bulbous ends tightly coiled in legband form. Generally attributed to the Yoruba of Nigeria, whose word for money is Mondua. Ballarini (#2.12) attributes similar pieces to Ibo but does not show an example of the usual type with tight rounded coils and bulbous ends. An impressive item, and one possibility suggested as the inspiration for the bulbous-ended manilla. Opitz p.215 (2 pcs. upper right). I can wire-brush, wax, and photo any of the following for $35; this will darken the piece. No obligation to pay anything if you don't like the result.
Yoruba Mondua My name for this category which uses the bochie-style intertwined split Calabar rod, rather than a single thick rod, to construct a set of stacked coils with broadly flattened ends. A. Fisher in Africa Adorned page 104 says "formerly worn by the Oba of Ife." (King of the Yoruba). (B2.12a-c), Schaedler p. 328. Denk (1986) shows a piece from Uyo (city). Measurement height x width; Taler shown for size is 40mm. Click on stock number to see specimen. 
Early British Manilla Possibly Dutch but likely the first Birmingham type. "Nkobnkob" type as
identified by Johansson. Largest manilla found in circulation hoards and visually distinct from later
types. Ends sharply flaring producing roughly rounded but asymmetrical footprint. 75-76m across by
77-85m, 11m gauge, 160-225 grams. Nkobnkob are often found roughly cast with flashing at the
seams 18th Century or earlier. Green color. 945a) Largest specimens
$40.00; 945b) Slightly smaller specimens, 130-160gms $25.00
Middle period British Manilla "Onoudu" as identified by
Johansson. Similar to Nkobnkob, but smaller, 65-71mm across by 72-75mm, under 80-120gm, 8-9m
gauge, often showing casting seam. Large, broad footprint. Probably 18th Century. Green
color. 946) Larger specimen: $13.50
Late British Manilla Birmingham. Relatively small, light piece,
possibly an Okombo or Atoni as identified by Johansson. Average 55mm across, 60-80gm. Very
similiar to type found in the Duoro wreck, dated to 1843. Brown or green
color. 970/2) $9.50 
French Manilla Called "Popo" by the Africans, they were made in
Nantes and exported to the French colonies. The ends are enlarged, but not flared like the British
types. Average 80mm, 120-132gm. Brown or green color. 992)
$25.00
Konga Botsa Manilla Copper,
crimped crescent shape with flared, bulbous ends, eight facets. No etching. Ballarini (1998 p.5) & B5.64 attributes it to the Jonga, Nkutshu & Mongo peoples of the Congo Dem. Rep. Rolf Denk in The West African Manilla Currency (2020, p.264) gives it the Konga Botsa name, attributing it to the Mbole people of the Congo Dem. Rep. Opitz p.214. The weight range is just about
the average for the Handa ("Katanga") Cross, and I woonder if there is some relationship between these
two forms. 31-35 oz (±8.8-9.9k), 8" across.
Usually squared profile, but occasionally bowed, as shown. 355)
$135
Onganda Manilla Jonga & Mongo Tribes, Zaire. B5.59.
A small (150m) piece was worth 10 Belgian Francs in 1950. Darkly
toned brass with four flat facets and slightly bulging square ends, hatching design along ridges. I
have broken into arbitrary categories. Lighter ones are less thick, but do not look much shorter. Due to very little material coming from Congo in the last ten years, I have only a few pieces left. Please INQUIRE.
Nkutshu Bullion Bracelet Heavy cast copper bars bent to ring shape with numerous hammer marks on surface. These are identifiable among similar crescent forms by the redness of the copper and characteristic black patina, probably the result of burning or oiling. See Der Primitivgeldsammler 1992 vol.2 as Nkutshu (Tetela, Hamba, Onga) or North Kasai, Zaire; B5.60. Weights ranging from 37 to 107 oz. with no pattern indicate they traded by weight rather than unit. Specimens available:
330d 36 oz. $55;
330f $55;
330h $60;
330k $145
.
Mbole Hollow Legband Large, spherical red-copper hollow rings
made by the Jonga (incl. Nkutshu, Mongo, Mbole), Congo River region. Ballarini lists five named
denominations by size, though observed specimens are quite variable in size and weight. Used in dowry. B5.58; Opitz p.201 The largest size are about the size of a soccer ball. Most specimens have flat spots and/or cracks in the edge from removal, but I was able to pick the absolute best from a large shipment. Priced $150 to $350; name your price and I will send you one on approval, and pay shipping both ways if you don't like it. The $350 pieces are as big and as nice condition as they come; the $150 are smaller than average, but still as nice as they come. NO PHOTOS; SHIPMENT TO US ADDRESSES ONLY.
Konga, Jeanpierre Heavy legband made by smiths of the Mongo, a large central Congo tribal group in earthen kilns using a wooden press and shapd by a log; worn by women to display husband's wealth. Also called Jambiére meaning shin-guard or legging in French. Toned brass. Larger specimens have a "collar" etched at each end,. B5.35, Opitz p.201-02. Extensive article in "Der Primitivgeld-sammler" 32/2, 2011
Available specimens:
Congo Legband: Mongo (small) Small versions of the heavy Jeanpierre cuffs of the Mongo peoples. Apparently unpublished in this size. Ends are irregular from removal, but could be fixed with gentle pressure in a vise. 350b) 1 Kilo (35.5 oz), 95 x 100 x 86mm Symmetrical with bends in edges $75; 350c) .9 Kilo (31.5 oz), 95 x 100 x 86mm Asymmetrical from removal with bend in one edge $65
Congo Legband: Bokonga (Konga) Roughly cast brass open crescents with textured flat interior and (usually two) prominent recessed ridges. Following DeBoer, B5.27 attributes to Konda, Kundu, Ntomba, and Bobangi tribes. Normlly found open rather than crimped as Ballarini's example. Ugly, and unpopular with collectors. 120-140mm, 13.5 - 19 oz. 354a) $22.50; 354p) Less usul 3 or 4 ridges $35.00
Congo Legband: Likonga (Konga)
Cast & forged brass closed crescents with flat interior. Exterior with edge rims and two very prominent recessed ridges. Following explorer accounts of the 1920s, B5.29 attributes them to Ngata, Kutu, and Kela tribes. Usually found with green patination, they look like copper. 356C) Large, 16.2 Kilo (3 Lb, 4 oz), 135 x 120 x 45mm Some nicks, casting roughness, soil, bits of green patination $125.00; 356D) Medium-size specimes, 31, 34, 42 oz., Generally 115 x 100 x 45mm Specimens available: a, b, c Each: $75.00
Congo Legband: Ngombe & Budja
Cast (& forged?) brass closed crescents with rough, flat interior (tho may be found opened after removal). Exterior bulged ridge with numerous fine ridges. Smaller examples could be armbands / bracelets. B5.109 & see B5.135; Ngam p.27. Usually found with green patination, they look like copper. 360c) Large, 2.32 Kilo (82 oz), 105 x 95 x 60mm Attractive, symmetrical example $150.00; 360d) Large, 2.18 Kilo (77 oz), 115 x 98 x 63mm Symmetrical example but wuth metal (solder?) adhesions one side (looks like soil) $75.00; 360e) Medium, .85 Kilo (30 oz), 90 x 80 x 52mm Symmetrical with open gap, but well worn, so lines at top of ridge are blurred $50.00; 361a) Variant: Narrower body and ridges diverging at ends. See B5.136. 1.09 Kilo (38.5 oz), wide 122 x 105 x 48mm Slightly asymmetrical with open gap, and casting crack. Stands up nicely on longer end. $85.00
Budja Armband Forged brass rod beaten to crescent form with rounded top and flattened, elongated ends bearing etched parallel lines. B5.149 attributes it to this tribe along the River Itimbiri. Six specimens seen are asymmetrical indicating removal from long-term wear, probably as armbands. 365c 25.5 oz, 115mm tall $85; 365f 15 oz, 113mm tall Nearly symmetrical $65
Ngelima / Mbole Arch Heavy, impressive brass pieces cast as rounded arches, thick in the center and thinner at the ends. Ballarini (1998, #75 & B5.150) attributes them to the Ngelima of the lower Ituri and the Mbole of the Lomami, and peoples in between (Zaire). These are harder to find now. 339n) 7 Lb. (3.2 kilo) 7.5" (192m) across Usual seven facets across top. Crack in end and side (scan shows) plus another much smaller other end, mentioned for completeness as neither affects integrity of piece. 225.00
339p)
6 Lb 10 oz, 6.5" (165mm) across. Significant engraving on top and cuffs and highlighting the faceted top. $325
339q) 7 Lb 5 oz, 6.75" (175mm) across. Significant engraving on top and cuffs. $325
Congo Squared Collar / Legband A distinctive, heavy type with fairly consistent form, size, and weight. Ballarini (5.34) attributes to Mongo and Ngandu, " . . . come from Ingende and Bokatola, two villages (south of) Mbandaka city, situated along the . . . Congo at the Equator . . . ", while Africaandbeyond.com call it Mbole. Brass, about 5.5-6" across, about 8 Lbs; four of seven specimens have a ridge-&-circles pattern on exterior, 3 are plain. Could be a legband or collar, but none show interior wear so probably intended as a bullion object. Size given across/height/width. 
Iron Bell Anklet Large circular piece with two (larger) or three
(smaller) hollow enlargements containing an iron ball clapper, circular iron rings dangle between
enlargements. Produces a lively clatter when shaken. Dillingham (D23#62, $65) attributes it to the
Welle Tribe, Middle Congo, ca. 1880. Blandin (FN p.160 #1) to the Kafo people of Burkina Faso for
the "Going of the Masks" ceremony. As with any functional object, one must question the extent to
which it served as a monetary item. 395) Larger pieces 120-170m. Some rust, nicks.
$37.50; 395s) Set of 3 different sizes, number of bells, etc., chosen for variety & quality: $85
Fulani Bracelets Attractive copper or bronze Bracelets with faceted ends similar to the old tuareg manillas. Mostly 115-120mm wide, around 24 oz. 239) Rounded ends: $55.00; 238) Faceted ends, raised copper plugs inserted in facets. Scan shows worst piece with missing plug and graffiti "AL" (which is present on two specimens!). Will send you best available: $85.00
Biu Division Bracelet NIGERIA, Bidda Tribe. Well-cast, consistent
fancy manilla-like brass bracelet. Wide crescent, flared ends with distinctive ornamented cuffs.
Johansson Nigerian Currencies p.44a, Opitz p.280, D24#45. One of the most attractive of
cast bracelet types and one of the few attributable to a tribal
group. 206a) 85-105m x 9-11m thick, 150-256gm
$37.50 206c) 63-77m x 8-10m thick 85-150gm $25.00
Senufo Boat Anklet BURKINA FASO, Senufo Tribe. Shaped like a
high-prowed, broad canoe, smooth and well made brass with knotlike design on one side. Fisher
Africa Adorned p.127 shows it on the ground in front of a Senufo soothsayer with two coins
during a consultation with the spirits. Blandin Bronzes et autres alliages p.78-9 notes that it is
worn by both men and women as an anklet. I've been lucky in obtaining a large quantity of this type
and can offer it for less than Dillingham did in the 1970's. (D23#84, D19#48, etc.) Opitz p.281.
194a) Large: (shown) 160-200m long ±570-900gm
$45 194b) Medium: 140-180m long ±350-500gm
$35 194c) Small: 120-160m long ±60-200gm
$24.50 194d) Set of three sizes in roughly 1:2:4 weight ratio, though I
don't think any denomination sequence was intended $89.50 
Fancy Bracelet Possibly from the Gurunsi cultural region of Ghana & Burkina Faso (See Glar 4/60). Hollow cast brass with raised design elements at ends, ridged wheat or leaf pattern one end, other end plain. Diameter 80-100m (outer), 65-90+ (inner). Most are dirty, and slightly asymmetrical with small interior cracks. Being hollow they are somewhat flexible and can be bent a bit to fit over hand or wrist. 172) Each: $23.50; Set of 3, different designs & sizes: $59
Iron "Elephant Hair" Bracelet Thin gauge iron cast in a "wrapped"
pattern with true wire wrappings forming the double knot typical of elephant hair bracelets. Supplier
says the elephant bracelets imitate these but I would guess it's the other way around. Old-looking,
light rust. ±70mm across. Wearable by small hands 378)
$7.50
Dorome Token Cast brass ring used as fare tokens for donkey
carts, Dorome Tribe, Nigeria. According to Dillingham (D26#28) the drivers turned them in to the
chiefs, who held the concession, and were paid in bracelets. Thus an ethnographic token rather than an ethnographic money, and possibly unique as such? Rings joined together by a leather strip with cloth running through the interior, forming a belt served as a badge of office for the cart drivers. From a large purchase I sorted out varieties. The ridged type I have never seen on belts, so this could be from a different area, or unrelated to the Dorome tokens. Discount available for quantity.
Dorome Belts Rings joined together by a leather strip forming a belt served as a badge of office for the cart drivers. Belts: About 40 pieces 226Aa 226Ab 226Ac 226Ad $80 each; Long Belts: 80+ rings: 226ARa $165 
"Replacement" Yoruba Collar Crude, but probably contemporary copy of a Yoruba collar, possibly made for ceremonial use in some village that did not possess a genuine one. 2.11 kilo, 235mm (9") across See B2.4, Opitz p.281. 323X) $85
Ivory Bracelet Quiggin (p.98-100) mentions Ivory, along with slaves and cows, as the main money in the Uganda - Lake Victoria region but suggests that only the tusk form was money. Ivory workers were in the employ of the King and ivory objects were usually owned by royalty. Ivory, gold, and slaves were the main commodities sought by Europeans and the impetus for much of the exploration of Africa. The bracelets of elephant ivory below were made by cutting cross-sections of the tusk.
400P3) Old well-worn bracelet, sawn in two places (for removal or to allow for arm growth), closed with metal staples, since removed, scraped to remove browning caused by sweat & oil. 91.7gm, ±73x65x44mm, tapered thickness, $95; 402C1) Large, thick, 300gm, 116x140mm, 18-21mm thick, $395; 404E1) Medium, thin, 36.5gm, 94x81x20mm, 4-6mm thick, browned from sweat & oils, $75
Handa Cross Best-known Katanga cross type, Angled-X-shaped, top (front) side textured from cooling metal, bottom side smooth with a ridge at the juncture. "Puddle cast" from a sand mould in the ground. Produced for the Lomami &
Kasai & traded as far as the Angola coast, probably ca. 1800s-1920s. Both a currency unit, unit of
account, and an ingot for casting bracelet money (Herbert p.191). Length (by longest axis) runs from about 7.5-10" (190-205mm) and weight 500 - 1000+ gms (1-2+ Lb.). See the "working Queen" manilla for an intriguing weight relationship. What I call half units are much rarer and are symmetrical 90° angled with length 160-180m (6.5-7") and weight 340-400 gm (12-14 oz). Whether they are intentional half units or just from another location or period, I don't know.
FAKE Small Crosses Offered by a Trader May, 2017. Quite out of character for a Katanga item, especially the brass!
Mukuba Wa Matwi Copper bar with flared ends produced, along with the crosses, by the Sanga at Katangan mines, though much scarcer. Herbert quotes the explorer Livingstone (1858-64) as having seen pieces in the 50-100 Lb range . Opitz p.232; Herbert p.190. Ballarini (B5.110) says they are used by the Ngombe and notes that a 1925 work shows a brass trade imitation made in Belgium; B5.99 illustrates rare, early forms. SAMPLES shown. 380D) 75 oz, 21.5" long $250.00; 380F) 36 - 48 oz, 19-21.5" long $165.00
Ngelima? Snake Copper Thick-gauge copper rod in broad, loose coils with a blunt or pointed tail and a bulbous head. Red
copper, slightly rough surface with brown to black patina, about 11-13m gauge, 5 to 6.5 coils, weight
3.5 to over 5 Lb, standing about 22-32" as found. Ballarini (B5.39) says from Iyembe tribe in Lake Leopold II region, called Kongo. See Opitz p.222-
23. A rather practical way of carrying and storing copper rod, as pieces will nest together, and are
flexible enough to be pulled or compressed to variable length. Typical SAMPLES shown full length are often asymettrical, but after some simple
adjustment, light brushing and oiling as in main photo (head only) these are mounted standing on
lucite bases as big ticket items in galleries. 425) $145
Boloko (a.k.a. Konga or Okanu). Heavy, U-shaped copper bar
with round feet. "They were made by the Nkutshu smiths who gave them to the Songo-Meno in
exchange for copper in its raw state . ." B5.65; Ballarini (1998, #68) and Opitz. (p.89) have much more info on this
well-documented money item. Quiggin p.68, Der Prim 1985/1. At least 33x18cm, 2 lbs. Little variation
among specimens. SAMPLE shown. 435W Some chips on feet. 45.00; Almost no chips
(as inset) 435) 65.00
"Swollen Dowells" Songo-Meno, Zaire. Red-copper dowel with
rough hammer marks and a slight swelling at center, sometimes a slight "lip" at ends. For 35 pieces:
Length 20-25cm (8-10"); Weight 11-12 oz (310-350gm) clustering closely at 11.7 oz (332gm)
suggesting a definite weight standard. B5.63 as Tetela & Nkutshu; Althoff & Lux, 1995, p.26 #5; Opitz (p.134). SAMPLES shown. 430s Set of long/heavy and
short/light 55.00; 430) Single piece: $30.00
Congo Figure-8s Unpublished? My supplier says they are from
Zaire and are published in a French-language book as money, but I have not been able to track it
down. Local name is "monnaie d'huites" or money eights. They do show wear on the outside
surfaces, and are a logical shape for carrying small bits of bullion wire. Brass (I have seen copper
also). Three sizes shown SAMPLES: 422a) 39-44m tall, 4m gauge, about 14g
SOLD; 422b) 50-66m tall, 5m gauge, about 25.5g $12.50;
422c) 39, 41.5, 44g SOLD
Ikonga (a.k.. Dikonga dia mpunga) Nkutshu Tribe, Zaire. Thin iron spear blade
with socket, but too thin to be functional. Written up by C. deBoer on page 53 of Der Primitivgeldsammler 1992/2. B5.75; Westerdijk
(1975) p.131 #H publishes a similar piece as speren-geld, also from Nkutshu and related tribes. Another seller calls it an "ekie" from the Bene of S. Cameroun, used until the 1920's. See
Opitz p.203 (Likonga), Kimpel p.30 #16. While hoe-derived general-purpose currencies are common
in Africa, spear-derived ones are uncommon. 9.5-10.5" long. Note some variation in size and shape
among specimens. 41.p)
Tip & bottom sides missing 30.00; 410.q) Tip missing 45.00
Anchor or Lance Money Well-known and impressive Zaire money item, attributed to Bangala (Opitz p.102, Althoff p.30) and Lobala and Banja groups of the Ngbaka people (Ballarini B5.145, Westerdijk, 1984, #123). Specimens with fully complete "points" are very hard to come by. 470h) 39.7cm Fully intact points $300
Anchor Money variant Well-known and impressive spear-derived money item, attributed to Bangala, Ngbaka, Lobala and others in Zaire. As Ballarini (B5.146) notes, this distinct variant is longer in both head and shaft, and the points at bottom are not curled. Specimens appear more rusted, suggesting this is an older form; it is definitely scarcer. 471a) 15.5" head and 15.75" shaft for overall 28.25" length. Chip in one side, otherwise intact but heavily rusted. $175
Narrow Hoe Crenelated interior with smooth top, tang for
attachment of wooden handle. B2.42 cited as Chamba people of Nigeria; Opitz (2000) p.159 top. I have several specimens, average 43cm (17") long.
They tend to be rather uniform as a type, but I can select a group of three for varying lengths and
form. 445) Rusty, but no flaws. (three different for $125); Each: $45
Spade Hoe Fairly smooth both sides, and much like a spade-
shovel. B2.49 as Mambila and Chamba peoples of Nigeria; Opitz p.158,
448) 25x17 cm Iron, rusty, but no flaws. $50
Round Hoe Round, bowl-shaped hoe with tang at 90° angle,
5.5-8" wide, tang about 4" high. B2.57 as Tangale & Hausa peoples of Nigeria; Eyo (p.52) says, "Iron hoe currency called sabow patanya (Hausa) used in
contracting marriage in Bauchi State.". Johansson (p.37 #6) says "Kwasunting used by the
Tangale tribe in Kaltungo. 50 Kwasunting were the normal bride-price. 5 Kwasunting were equal to a
small roll (4 inches wide) of cloth Kabadir-strip." One of the better-documented hoe monies,
though first I have seen on the market. 449) Rusty, soil encrusted, but
no flaws. (Note: Scan shows tang flat for visibility) $45
Scoop Hoe Smooth interior and top with long tang, and scoop-like
appearance. B2.41 as Chamba group i Nigeria; Eyo p.53 to "Kafanchan"
in Nigeria. I have several specimens, average 37+ cm. (17") long. 446) Iron, rusty, but no
flaws. $50
Ladle Hoe Spoon or ladle-shaped hoe with socketed handle and
striations on inner hoe surface as the "narrow hoe" type (can't catch this on a scanner). Both Eyo and
Johansson show similar types, but without the sockets. Typical examples shown.
454a) Handle about 11-12" (27-30cm), ladle about 6.5-7"
$60 454c) Handle about 11-12" (27-30cm), ladle about 4-
4.5" and less angled $50; Pair: $95
Kwanja Hoe Opitz (p.158) top calls it a double hoe money and cites
it as an example of a clearly non-functional object used as money. The most specific attribution is to the Kwanja of western Cameroun by Bravmann, though it was used by other tribes as well. B2.40, Opitz p.158, Schaedler (p.326), Johanssen (p.37 #5). Typically 26" tall, 4.25-5 Lb. and very similar in shape. (Scanned in sections,
please ignore the lines!) ALL specimens are rusty. I do not have a digital camera to make photos of
individual specimens. 463) Best condition: All four "points" intact, only
very minor edge cracking and at most very minor surface flaking. These are not
modern, mass-produced objects, so if you are seeking an absolutely perfect specimen, you
are seeking a forgery. Rest assured that a specimen in this class is as nice as you will find. Price:
$175 Second Quality: Minor blunting OR chipping on ONE point
OR one or more edge cracks extending no great distance into the piece. These are still superior
specimens and much more representative of the technology. Price:
$125 Third Quality: One point blunted or chipped AND more serious or
numerous edge cracks, OR a crack or rust hole that shows light through the piece. Still superior
specimens selected from a much larger group. Price: $95
Affo Shield Hoe Huge iron "hoe" money possibly modeled on European heraldic shield. Attributed to the Affo (Afo) people in NE Nigeria and SE Niger (F. Farr), while Johansson (p.38) notes the Jos museum attributes it as "Ceremonial Hoe. Customary gift for a bride's father. 1 hoe and 2 goats = 1 wife; 1 hoe = 1 slave. used by the Angas tribe in Wokos village, Pankshin Division, Plateau Province. Made of locally melted iron." 
Bamileke Hoe (Cameroun) Large iron hoe, spade shaped, tang at 90° with folded arrow shape at end. B2.93 notes it was used by the Bamileke and Widekum of W. Cameroun; see also B2.49 without bend in handle Note the folded arrow is the same twist as the "Bangala Lance". 456) 30 oz.,blade 7.5x9", tang 5" long $95.00
Purr Purr Blowout B2.63; Used by the hill pagans around Gwosa, Plateau State, Nigeria, and worth 3d. in 1939 according to Johansson p.41; Eyo p.54, Opitz p.273.. Other Nigerian hoe monies are substantial; this is the most abstracted form. Thin sheet iron of 6.5-9" lengthwith a cloth-like textured pattern, crimped and angled to represent blade and socket. 326) Selected piece:
27.50; 326s) Three pieces differing slightly in size, shape: $59.50; 326w) Ten pieces including some rough or imperfect specimens $150 
Unknown Ladle Hoe Nigeria?, Large iron hoe or ladle, squared in rear, rounded in front, 12 oz., blade 7.5x5.5", tang 11" long, anagled from blade and looped at top. A functional utensil? 457) $85.00
Kissi Penny Twisted iron rod with flattened ends, made by the Toma of
Guinea, used by them and the Kissi of Liberia. Demonetized in British areas in 1940. One of the
best-known & affordable odd & curious monies. 10-13" B1.1, Opitz. p.179, Quiggin
p.92, etc. Free info sheet #105 with more history. 300) Selected for
length & completeness $3; 10 pcs, as they come: $17.50; Inquire for larger
quantities. 300C) From a different hoard, much heavier, longer
specimens 16-17" $9.50 300D) 14-15" $6.50 300s) Set of 3 varied lengths in 10-15" range plus a piece with one end missing. The belief is that broken pieces lose their soul, but can be restored by an ironsmith
$11
Dubil Squared iron bar with slightly flattened ends, rough, hammered texture, 14-15", 9-17 oz. Attributed variously to the Sukur, Gulak, and Yoruba. Johansson reports the introduction of iron currency bars by Europeans as early as the 16th century and a value of 13 for a male slave in 1704; also their recent use in the Madagali area (called Dubil, Duval or Li) as bride price. For blacksmiths they served as a form of ready bullion for making other objects. B2.30; Eyo p.54; Johansson p.36, 41-42; Opitz p.135 320) Selected specimen 32.50; 321) Flat Dubil Mixed indiscriminately with the Dubil were a few smooth, flattened pieces with splayed ends, resembling pry-bars (B2.31). A regional variant? 37.50
Tajere (Losol, Sasoreng, Saka or Taje). Iron bar with rough
diamond-shaped swelling at center & long, squared, textured ends, (not truly twisted as Quiggin p.87
specimen) 15-16", most 10.5-13 (range 8-20) oz. Made by the Fulani subjects Batta and Mumuye,
this was a tradable ingot form for recycling worn out iron tools. Johansson p.41 copies Quiggins'
drawing (p.87) & plate 1 #6, Eyo p.52 #2-4 from right, Opitz p.332, B2.23; see also B5.86 for a Congo piece with bicone shape vs. diamond. 323) 35.00
Idoma Tall, flat, tapered iron piece with textured surface, squared
at the end and flared to a triangle at top. Something like a giant Kissi penny. About 30+" tall. B2.50; Eyo
(p.50) as "iron currency from Dutsi District, Kaduna State (Nigeria)." A supplier says it is used by the
Hausa of Gongola (Yola) State, Nigeria. Kimpel (Althoff p.31) says Liberia. Regional variant
published by Rivallain (pl. VI) from the Ubangi River (north Zaire). See closeup scan of tops showing variation in triangle shape and front vs back
texturing, and photo of bottom variants, "A" being
by far the commonest. (Color in main photo is inaccurate.) Apparently a widely used item which
seldom came on the market until the 1990s. Though rather plain, these bring around $200 in
galleries when creatively mounted. 329A) Flat end
$69.50 329B) Twisted end $80 329C)
Twist and socket $80 329E) Twist and arrow
$100 329G) Twist and socket, bent to curve $145
Cicili Mali, Bambene Tribe, iron arrow-like object about 10".
Supplier says a currency object. Published in Fer Noir by Andre Blandin, p.180-181 as
belonging to the Mwaba of N. Togo, a human-form statuette for religious or divination purposes. Just
as his p.181 #4. After finding the Blandin listing I contacted a customer who had purchased one
advising that the divination use cast doubt on currency use, but his own African contact confirmed
they were Bambene and that he had purchased a large group in a Nigerian village where they were
acknowledged as money. 327) $55
Liganda Famous sheet-iron spear-money of the Topoke on the
Lomami River, Zaire, well documented in Quiggin (p.64, Plate 1 & 4), Ballarini #66b, and here. There are three
denominations, of height and width at bottom as follows: 585) Dihunga (Value-1)
150cx24c usual light rust, but no damage. From a 1970s purchase of 25+ pieces, similar to these, but I have not done photography, so you save money: $125.00 each; 586) (Name
unknown) (Value-2) 163cx32c fully intact, light rust SOLD 587)
Doa (Value-3) 177cx37c. Viewing on-site only. I no longer ship these - pickup only.
Kota Ax Gabon, 19-20th Cent? Long-bladed iron axe with iron
handle & iron wrap at base with projecting loop. ± 35-45c (14-18") tall. Ballarini (1998 p.16)
May be currency item, or "status weapon" (carried in parades & dances to show rank of
owner) 485) (shown reduced) $49.00
Throwing Knife Descended from the Tronbash of Sudan (itself a
currency item) the true throwing knife as weapon developed a characteristic and deadly form among the peoples of plain and savannah, but served as a prestige and currency item in the forests,
beginning just above the Ubangi River, where knife-throwing is impractical. Among some tribes they acquired breakable wooden handles and underwent a "devolution" of form to a straighter shape, as neatly illustrated in Fisher & Zirngibl #176-178. As Quiggin notes (p.69, top) they were a true multi-function currency between the Congo and Ubangi Rivers, among the Ngbaka, Ngbandi and their neighbors (collectively "Bangala"). M. Felix in Kipinga locates this distinctive and early type of knife at the confluence of Chad, Nigeria, Cameroun, and C.A.R. but notes that exact tribal identification is difficult. He speculates that the "arm" added to the earlier I-shape was to stabilize flight in the open grasslands. Art collectors prefer fancier throwing knives, hence this type is still inexpensive. Typical example shown. Usual length about 24 inches. 577) SPECIAL:
$65
Variant:
Curved top "Bird head" variety. Specimens available: 577c.3) 25" length, cloth-wrapped handle. Nicely shaped head but rough ontop $75
Variant:
Hook Middle "Long curved blades with hook protruding from center. Specimens available: 579a) 28" length, rhook is attached to center $125 579b) 26" length, patterned handle, central hook grows out of shaft, not separately attached. $125
Kipinga Throwing Knife Descended from the Tronbash of Sudan (itself a currency item) the true throwing knife as weapon developed a characteristic and deadly form among the peoples of plain and savannah, but served as a prestige and currency item in the forests, beginning just above the Ubangi River, where knife-throwing is impractical. Among some tribes they acquired breakable wooden handles and underwent a "devolution" of form to a straighter shape, as neatly illustraed in F&Z #176-178. As Quiggin notes (p.69, top) they were a true multi-function currency between the Congo and Ubangi Rivers, among the Ngbaka, Ngbandi and their neighbors (collectively ".Bangala"). This shape is a variation on the the "true" Kipinga (Felix Region VIII, Thomas chart "N"), Zande region of C.A.R. & Zaire, south east portion of throwing-knife usage area. 
Trombash Status and currency knife of the Mangbetu, Bushongo and other N.E. Zaire tribes, its form shows influence of throwing knives. Iron blade with fluid topknot and large circular holes. Felix #95, 96; Opitz p. 357-8; Quiggin p. 86; Ballarini #44-46. 526e) Waved top,, offset angle bottom, 3 holes. 13" (330m) tall. (Felix #95) $150
Kapsiki Axe Cameroun, Iron hatchet form with concave edge, topknot; welded-on iron handle with enlarged end. Likely a derivitive of the throwing knife or Trombash; Ballarini (B2.86) says represents a rooster head, sacred to the Fali tribe. Westerdiijk (Mabel #56-57) and Zirngibl (1983) describe as a status weapon. 527a) Typical piece, 15-16" (400m) tall. Sample shown, all very similar. $65.00
Luba Zapozap As Quiggin (p.63-64) notes, Congo axes were used
more to denote rank or office than as wealth display, though there are accounts of their use as
brideprice. Opita p.18, 20; See also Eyo p.33. This group Luba style, though less fancy than the
types published in collections. Elsen #443-445 & Fischer & Zirngibl #296-299 for similar
types. 479) Zapozap, about 15" tall, no serious defects Specimens available:
479b) ;
479d
Each: $50
Kirdi Scythe Money From the Cameroun grasslands of the Kirdi come
thin iron imitations of scythes, money according to my suppliers' contacts there. Angela Fisher in
Africa Adorned p.135 has a great photo
of Podokwo Kirdi women displaying broad and narrow varieties in a harvest dance. Note also
similarity of the head to a throwing knife variant, the
twisted shaft to Kissi Penny and Idoma and the pseudo-socket end to an Idoma variant. 465) B2.85. 38cm (15") long. (Sample piece shown) $55; 466) Variant Blade shorter, narrower, and shaft longer, flat. Average 26" (66cm) Sample shown $55 (SPECIAL: both types $85)
Ngbaka Elongated leaf shape with rounded (vs. angled) approach at base and subtle spine. (B-nl), Westerdijk p.109 #G, Elsen p.72 #26. 592a) 32.25", $100.00
Ngombe & Others Simple leaf-shaped iron blade with long haft. Blade and haft run 24-31 inches. Commonest type of dowry spar, also used by Ngbandi, Bati, Benge, Ngala, and Poto. (B5.117, 5.103?), Opitz p.313, right; Ballarini p.104 #61b; Westerdijk p.109-110 #H, J; Elsen #28, 202
Unattributed Simple leaf shape with prominent squared central seam, six holes at bottom, and concentric blood grooves (hard to see in scan). Most resembles the Nkutshu-Tetela types (B5.76) and Sakara-Ngando (B5.117d, misplaced). 604L) 9" blade, 3.5" haft plus partial shaft with copper wrappings. $85
Fulani Money Necklace The Fulani of Nigeria have a number of traditional necklace styles. This one features cowries and B.W.A. 1/10 Pennies, both small monies, along with "cosmos bells" and small cane-cut beads. Perhaps a wealth theme? Necklaces are newly strung; their components older; length usually 18+". Available: 711a 711b 711c 711d 711g 711j 711k 22.50 each, or $17.50 each for 3 or more similar ones not photographed.
Trade Bead "Collection" Strings Mixed strand of trade beads. A good way to build a collection of types which would be costly in full strings. Look them up in Dubin or other references. Strands about 25" circumference, variable number of beads. Multiple orders: I can select "different" strings, but there will be some overlap of bead types. 2+ strands either type, take 10% discount. Scans show multiple strings as samples. 651) Medium-value Trade Beads 24.50
Hebron Beads The heyday of trade beads was the 15th-16th centuries when Venice produced a wide variety for overland trade to Africa and Asia, and later the sea trade to a wider world. Bead expert Peter Francis in Beads of the World p.78 describes a more primitive bead produced during the Crusades "in Hebron near Jerusalem sometime after the twelfth century. They made beads there, using the salts of the Dead Sea as their alkali. Their glass was opaque yellow and green, sometimes blue and black. The beads were furnace-wound and were popular in Egypt and in sub-Saharan Africa." Nowadays, well pitted and often filed down, these beads can still be found in the Sudan.
Graduated 24" strand of 49-52 yellow beads $57.50
536B) Baby Hebrons Shown with full-sized beads for comparison. Strand 25-26" of either baby or smaller "infant" size $29.50 per strand
Djenne Terracotta Djenne, Mali (S. of Timbuctoo), a trading center
at its height c. 1200 AD, these beads have been excavated in large quantity and reliably dated to
1200-1500 AD, preceding the use of glass beads in the region. Not known to be a trade item.
Strands include both tiny beads and longer tubes faceted as beads, v arious earth colors. Hundreds
on 18-19" (doubled) strand. 200) 7.50; Tied hank
of 100 17" strands, as sold in Africa, $250
"Dig" Beads Djenne, Mali (S. of Timbuctoo), a trading center at its
height c. 1200 AD, they are called "dig" because they are excavated. Tiny beads usually 3-4mm
across, some glassy but most very rough, some appear to be stone or shell. Not known to be a trade
item. 544) Strand about 12" long. $24.50 544m) Graduated strand of 2-10mm beads,
cleaned to brightness $45
French Cross Called Bodoum in Africa, yellow with cross of red,
white & black, similar to a King bead. Supplier says these were "used to buy gold.". Similar Dubin
70a. Similar strand brought $41 in my recent ebay offering. 519a)
Strand about 10" with 40+ beads $32.50 / strand
Padre Beads Chinese bead which travelled all over the world as
part of the Spanish silver trade. Best known in North America where they were popular with
Southwest US Amerinds, especially the turquoise blue color. Made ca. late 18th-early 19th C. by the
primitive winding process. 531tw) Strand of 11-12" turquoise blue or
white $15 Each; 531rgby) red, green, yellow, or translucent blue $16.50 each,
or take three or more strands any color except rarer ones below, $14.50 each.
. 531pnm) Scarcer
purple & black, pitch black, or translucent brown beads, each: $27.50
White Hearts Venice, 1800s, one of the most widely traded bead
types - Americas, Africa, S.E. Asia. Early varieties were called Cournalene d'Aleppo and Hudson's
Bay Trade Beads. Named for the white core beneath (usually) red outer shell. Numerous varieties
(left to right in scan): 250) Early, large round 17m, rough, may have chips, per bead: 6.50;
251) Dark red, rounded, rough surface. Seen offered as Hudson Bay
trade beads dated to c. 1836. Strand 12" long SOLD; 253) Cane-cut
(barrel-shaped) red & yellow. Strand 12" long 17.50; 255) Small cane-cut,
about 2mm. Type traded to Thai Hill Tribes. strand 12" long.
12.50; 257) "Seed-bead"-sized, rounded, square-cut, 2-3mm (not
shown) 7.50;
258a) Rounded orange or red (your choice, red shown) beads about 4-5mm. Type traded
into Africa. Strand 10-12" long. 12.00 258b) Rounded blue beads,
mixed 2-5mm. Less common type traded into Africa. Strand 10" long. 12.00;
250s) Historical set with examples of above types, and more, as shown in scan (but without "core"): 24.50; 250T) Same set, with the "core" bead $29.50
Massai Beads A Venice-made small bead favored by the Massai of Kenya. Strands 10" each, mixed bead sizes, average 200 beads/string. Two typical strings shown. 559) $17.50
Millifiore Beads Venice, late 1800s. Tubular with "multi-flowered"
pattern. Probably best known of the trade beads, they come in a variety of colors, lengths, variations
of pattern, and even shapes. Quiggin p.39, Opitz p.57-58, Dubin #55. Set 0f different lengths, patterns, including long 50+m, and square piece. 210s) 7 beads:
17.50
Snake Beads Made in Bohemia, late 1800s, cleverly made to
imitate real snake vertebrae which are used
throughout Africa for divination. Bead width 9mm. Strand length 11". Available either pink or purple
or mixed (as shown). 663) 12.00; 664) Smaller beads, 6mm width, available in a
variety of colors & mixtures. Requests OK, but I can not supply particular strands as shown.
$10.00
Iron Beads Nigeria, where any iron item is potentially money,
these are too ugly for adornment! Beads have large central holes, strung on thick fibre, Strand length
about 12" 644a) Beads 13-15mmn, quite rough and variable.
$65; 644b) Beads 5-9mm (shown in scan), some bicone shape
$35
Bauxite Beads Rough earth-red beads from clay rich in aluminium
ore, a distinctive African bead. Nigeria & region. Strands 12+". 626s)
Small 4-6m wide, strand 22" $11.50 626M) Medium Beads 8-10mm wide, strand 28" $14.50; 626L) Large Beads 10-12m wide, and much longer, strand 26-28" $23.50
Aluminium Beads (Ethiopia) In the late 19th Cent. before a cheap extraction process was invented, aluminium was as or more valuable than silver. These look like tarnished silver and may have been worn by Ethiopians as a light-weight substitute. Africans generally ascribe healing properties to metals based on color, and examples of currency objects and bracelets of forms known normally in copper occasionally turn up in well worn aluminium. Bead size ranges 5-7mm square, strands 30-32" 741a) "Soft" square beads, filed or worn $15; 741b) "Hard" square beads, less worn, sharper edges $15; 741s) One strand each $25 (Note: there are strays in each strand.)
Ostrich Eggshell Beads Rough roundish disks of tough eggshell made by the 39,000 year-old "heishi" process of drilling and grinding. One of the oldest bead types and a well-known trade item, asociated in modern times with the Turkana, Samburu, Ovambo tribes of East Africa. Opitz
p.246, Quiggin p.100,107 They range from 6-10mm, about 250-500/strand. Degree of uniformity and cleanliness varies also. Show Variants .638s Set of 10 beads $3.00 638a) Strand: Usual semi-polished with variable sizes; $25.00 638c) Strand: Recent hoard of excavated pieces, matte surfaces and uniform, small size. $25.00 
Talari Beads From Ethiopia, small loops of drawn wire ("hishi") made from nickel-silver. The name comes from the Maria Theresa Taler (Maria Teresa Thaler), an .855 fine silver coin favored in Arabia and northern Africa (& origin of the word "Dollar"). These modern strands are still hand-crafted, but just like the Coptic crosses, are now made of silver alloyed with nickel. Strand length 14+ inches. Tarnished, but will brighten with silver dip. 523a) Hishi beads $12.50; 523b) Barrel beads $12.50; 523s Set of both types, or two strands Hishi type $21.50
Munshi Beads The Tiv (a.k.a. Munshi) tribe of Shima, northern Nigeria used looped brass beads of average 12mm imitating a seed, valued at 1/4 silver Dirhem of the Mediterranean caliphates. Quiggin illustrates them (p.60) and discusses them (p.59) as exceptions to the non-monetary status of African-made beads. In 1968 Johanssen Nigerian Currencies considered them rare. I got one string in the 1980s and until now have not seen another, but just purchased several from a Trader. See B2.14, Opitz p.41, Quiggin p.60 fig.9, Johansson 50, 54, supl14 #65, PS1987/3. 223s) Each: $4.00, 3 pieces $10.50; Mini-string of 12 pieces $36.00; Unusual offering: Full 26-27" string of about 400 beads: $INQUIRE
Moulay Beads Derived from older Munshi beads of the Tiv, but used farther south. Varieties: a) Basic; c) Larger; e) Larger & rounder; v) a filed down; x) crude, likely modern. 224S) Set of two each variety, 3 each of Munshi and a variant Seed-type bead (16 total) $18.50
Shipwreck Beads Tubular, milk-white beads of variable size, these are collected as they wash up on the beaches of the Casamance district of Senegal, along with Green-hearts, another crude, early Venetian trade bead. The circulating beads of the same type are called "Goombah". 649a) Strand (24") of circulated Goombah beads $8.50; 649s) Strand (24") of sea-damaged Goombah beads, called Casamance beads. Rough, crazed surfaces with a crude charm. ($11 each per 3 strands) Single strand: $12.00
Krobo Beads In Ghana there is a long tradition of imitating European trade beads by sand-casting them from used glass; they are often called pop-bottle beads. This group shows roughness and wear (though not soil, as ALL beads are cleaned before export) so I think they are "somewhat" old. Quite a lot of variation in this lot; samples shown. 12" strings. I will provide good variety if you order multiples. 682c) Single strand $13.50; 3 strands $11 each; 5 strands $10 each; 10 or more $7.50 each
Togo Stone Money White quartz disc with drilled hole, rubbed in reddish earth. Found in hoards, they are likely a very early bead money, though both their original and modern uses are unclear. The Akhan & nearby tribes would find them exposed after heavy rains, and called them "thunderstones," believing they had come from the sky and had healing properties. Rivallain pl.32, Opitz p.275, Quiggin p.60 & pl.3 #3; Der Primitivgeld-sammler 1992/2 p.61 263) "Togo Stone:" size 35-50m, 33-80gm $14.50, or 3/$37.50 263a) STRING of 40 stone-size pieces on native fiber, as obtained from the Africa Traders. An amazing necklace at a great price. $225 
"Mali" Stone
Ancient(?) Quartz, chipped & drilled, similar to the "Togo stone" but much rougher. Three groups / strands purchased: 817S Set of five showing range of sizes within each group $22.50; 817A Uniform 17-19mm with orange soil $3.50 / bead; 817E Quartz often has some red veining, chipped with narrower ridges, range 15-30mm $4 for larger example, or $3.00 each per 3+ mixed sizes; 817Ea Full 28" strand $90; 817H Translucent quartz, very roughly chipped, mostly 35-45mm $11.00 for larger example, or $8.50 each per 3+ mixed sizes 
Talhakimt Pendants: Glass Large, flat European-made (ca. 1930s?) glass pendant-beads imitating earlier stone and metal currency objects of the Tuaregs of the northern Sahara. Also called tanfouk, Niger glass, and Zinder beads. See Der Primitivgeldsammler 1989/1 p.23 #IV1,3. Opitz p.38, 64, A. Fisher Africa Adorned page 186.. Range 47-54m high. Your choice of red or green. XG/XG230) Singles: $10; Red and Green, 2 beads $18.50
Talhakimt Pendants: Agate Lovely agate specimens made at Idar-Oberstein, Germany, almost certainly older than the glass. The scans can not show the bands and swirls of orange, brown, and off-white visible when held to the light. Best history I've found is at the beadaZZ/ZZled site. Priced by size: 218ab) (avg. 110x42mm) $45; 218ae-ak) (avg. 85x37mm) SOLD; 218am-as) (avg. 80x35mm) $30; 218bb-bm) (avg. 67x32mm) $25. SECOND CHOICES PLEASE Take 15% discount for 2 or more.
Kuba Cloth (Mbal) Congo, Kuba Kingdom, Lele tribe. Sundstrom reports the use of Kuba cloth for everyday local purchases, major purchases such as slaves, cattle or ivory, loans, tolls, and for destruction at funerals as "conspicuous consumption." Opitz p.109-111 shows many examples of larger cloths made from original units, and discusses specific uses. Squares of cloth woven from raffia palm leaf fibres, they were called mbal. Today these former monetary units are found sewn into larger compositions and decorated. The decorations (raised plush, sewn-on angular patches, eyelets, etc.) were originally added to hide fraying or holes, but soon evolved into meaningful symbols. Each culture group within the Kuba region had its own style and pattern of decoration. I have divided them into categories by form and style. Still made, the modern (non-monetary) cloth is single-panel. These are attractive decor items and can be used as backgrounds to display other money objects. Check Google for art and textile sellers who charge much more!
Raphia Cloth Money Cataracts region, Congo. Bolt of 96cm
consisting of a central woven rafia mat locked in place by the long end fibres multi-knotted
at either end. Apparently the item discussed in Quiggin (p.56), and pictured in Le Tissage du
Raphia au Congo Belge by Helene Loir (Annales du Musee du Congo Belge Ethnographie Serie
III, 10/1935). Just the knotted end and a bit of the mat are shown in the scan.
292) $39
Jonga Gong Money Tall, gracefully waisted iron gong with raised
point decoration at bottom, made by Jonga smiths as a badge of office for the Nkumi Soc. (regents
and judges). Generally 50cm (20") tall including stem. Quiggin (p.74-75) calls the iron gongs from
the middle Congo and Welle-Ubangi region to the North "doubtful" as currency but notes palm oil,
wives, and slaves purchased for specific numbers of gongs. B5.62; Ballarini (1992, #70) notes currency and ceremonial uses among the Jonga. Westerdijk p.141 #30 (Tetela & Knushu). I have used Ballarini's illustration; the ones in stock are very similar with no flaws, though not polished & without raffia dangle. 367) $145
TALL Double Gong
Somewhat like this piece for overall shape but bells are broader and overlap, and protruding lips at bottom. 372B) 24" tall x 18.5"x wide (60x 47cm), 15 Lbs, moderate rust, some closed cracks, ragged edge one bell (shown), and handle is fragile from old repair. Still an impressive piece that would bring $400-500 if undamaged. $195
Double Gong
Opitz p.81, Ballarini (1992) #71 (left), Westerdijk p.140 #23; see also Quiggin p.75, fig. 15, and for an
extensive discussion, Rivallain LesCollections Monetaires p.17-18. 370F) 210m tall x290mm wide Nice surface with no serious flaws: $125
Single Gong Simple shape with tang at top. Generally similar to Westerdijk p.139 #12-13, 22 which he attributes to the Tetela and Nkutshu of the Congo. 340mm (13.5") tall x 120m, 374C) Three small rust holes; toward bottom lips there appear to be iron plugs inserted, both sides - whether to repair holes or affect the sound quality, I am not sure. $100; 374D) Flattened piece with long tang, and clapper. 22mm (9") tall x 90mm wide, lip on one side very chipped and ragged $45